Julia butterfly ( Dryas iulia) feed on yellow passion flower and P.Banded orange ( Dryadula phaetusa) feed on P.biflora), and corky-stemmed passion flower ( P. Zebra longwing ( Heliconius charithonia) feed on yellow passion flower, two-flowered passion flower ( P.Postman butterfly ( Heliconius melpomene) prefer P.Asian leopard lacewing ( Cethosia cyane).American Sara longwing ( Heliconius sara).Gulf fritillary ( Agraulis vanillae), which feeds on several species of Passiflora, such as Passiflora lutea, Passiflora affinis, stinking passion flower ( P.Cydno longwing ( Heliconius cydno), one of few Heliconians to feed on multiple species of Passiflora.The following lepidoptera larvae are known to feed on Passiflora: These, combined with adaptations on the part of the butterflies, were important in the foundation of coevolutionary theory. The many defensive adaptations visible on Passiflora include diverse leaf shapes (which help disguise their identity), colored nubs (which mimic butterfly eggs and can deter Heliconians from ovipositing on a seemingly crowded leaf), extrafloral nectaries, trichomes, variegation, and chemical defenses. Famously, they are exclusively targeted by many butterfly species of the tribe Heliconiini. The leaves are used for feeding by the larvae of a number of species of Lepidoptera. Bud of the passion flower Passion flower bloom in water The sword-billed hummingbird ( Ensifera ensifera) is a notable example: it, with its immensely elongated bill, is the sole pollinator of 37 species of high Andean Passiflora in the supersection Tacsonia. Passiflora often exhibit high levels of pollinator specificity, which has led to frequent coevolution across the genus. Pollinators of Passiflora include bumblebees, carpenter bees (e.g., Xylocopa sonorina), wasps, bats, and hummingbirds (especially hermits such as Phaethornis) some others are additionally capable of self-pollination. Passion flowers have floral structures adapted for biotic pollination.
Red colored passion flower in Mysore, India
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